An evolution of mobile phones:-

 A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone,
cell phone , hand phone , or simply a phone) is a
phone that can make and receive telephone calls
over a radio link while moving around a wide
geographic area. It does so by connecting to a
cellular network provided by a mobile phone
operator, allowing access to the public telephone
network . By contrast, a cordless telephone is
used only within the short range of a single,
private base station.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones
also support a wide variety of other services
such as text messaging, MMS , email , Internet
access, short-range wireless communications
( infrared , Bluetooth ), business applications,
gaming, and photography. Mobile phones that
offer these and more general computing
capabilities are referred to as smartphones .
The first hand-held cell phone was
demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[1][2] and Dr.
Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a
handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg). [3]
In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be
commercially available. From 1983 to 2014,
worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from
zero to over 7 billion, penetrating 100% of the
global population and reaching the bottom of
the economic pyramid . [4] In 2014, the top cell
phone manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia ,Apple , and LG .

History of mobile phones

Martin Cooper Motorola made the

first publicized handheld mobile phone

call on a prototype DynaTAC model on

April 4, 1973. This is a reenactment in

2007.

                           

The Motorola

DynaTAC 8000X

from 1984 (First

hand-held cellular

mobile phone which

was commercially

available)

A hand-held mobile radiotelephone is an old
dream of radio engineering. One of the earliest
descriptions can be found in the 1948 science
fiction novel Space Cadet by Robert Heinlein .
The protagonist, who has just traveled to
Colorado from his home in Iowa, receives a call
from his father on a telephone in his pocket.
Before leaving for earth orbit, he decides to
ship the telephone home "since it was limited by
its short range to the neighborhood of an
earth-side [i.e. terrestrial] relay office." Ten
years later, an essay by Arthur C. Clarke
envisioned a "personal transceiver, so small and
compact that every man carries one." Clarke
wrote: "the time will come when we will be able
to call a person anywhere on Earth merely by
dialing a number." Such a device would also, in
Clarke's vision, include means for global
positioning so that "no one need ever again be
lost." In his 1962 Profiles of the Future , he
predicted the advent of such a device taking
place in the mid-1980s.
Early predecessors of cellular phones included
analog radio communications from ships and
trains. The race to create truly portable
telephone devices began after World War II, with
developments taking place in many countries.
The advances in mobile telephony have been
traced in successive generations from the early
"0G" (zeroth generation) services like the Bell
System 's Mobile Telephone Service and its
successor, Improved Mobile Telephone Service .
These "0G" systems were not cellular, supported
few simultaneous calls, and were very expensive.
The first handheld mobile cell phone was
demonstrated by Motorola in 1973. The first
commercial automated cellular network was
launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. In 1981, this
was followed by the simultaneous launch of the
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in
Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. [7]
Several other countries then followed in the
early to mid-1980s. These first generatiion
("1G") systems could support far more
simultaneous calls, but still used analog
technology.
In 1991, the second generation ( 2G ) digital
cellular technology was launched in Finland by
Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked
competition in the sector, as the new operators
challenged the incumbent 1G network operators.
Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation
( 3G ) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on
the WCDMA standard. [8] This was followed by
3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on
the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family,
allowing UMTS networks to have higher data
transfer speeds and capacity.
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some
point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the
growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like
streaming media. [9] Consequently, the industry
began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation
technologies, with the promise of speed
improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G
technologies. The first two commercially
available technologies billed as 4G were the
WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint)
and the LTE standard, first offered in
Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
 Features:
All mobile phones have a number of features in
common, but manufacturers also try to
differentiate their own products by
implementing additional functions to make them
more attractive to consumers. This has led to
great innovation in mobile phone development
over the past 20 years.
The common components found on all phones are:
A battery, providing the power source for
the phone functions.
An input mechanism to allow the user to
interact with the phone. The most common input
mechanism is a keypad , but touch screens are
also found in most smartphones.
A screen which echoes the user's typing,
displays text messages, contacts and more.
Basic mobile phone services to allow users to
make calls and send text messages.
All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an
account to be swapped among devices. Some
CDMA devices also have a similar card called a
R-UIM .
Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some
satellite phone devices are uniquely identified
by an International Mobile Equipment Identity
( IMEI) number.
Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as
feature phones , and offer basic telephony.
Handsets with more advanced computing ability
through the use of native software applications
became known as smartphones .
In sound quality however, smartphones and
feature phones vary little. Some audio-quality
enhancing features like Voice over LTE, HD
voice have appeared and are often available on
newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a
problem with both, as this depends, not so much
on the phone itself, as on the quality of the
network, and in case of long distance calls , the
bottlenecks/choke points met along the way. [10]
As such, on long-distance calls even features
such as Voice over LTE, HD voice may not
improve things. In some cases smartphones can
improve audio quality even on long-distance
calls, by using VoIP phone service, with someone
else's WiFi/internet connection. [11]
Several phone series have been introduced to
address specific market segments, such as the
RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/
corporate customer email needs; the Sony-
Ericsson 'Walkman' series of music/phones and
' Cyber-shot ' series of camera/phones; the
Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm
Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone .
Text Messaging:
The most commonly used data application on
mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first
SMS text message was sent from a computer to
a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first
person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was
sent in Finland in 1993.
The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS,
was launched in Finland in 2000, and
subsequently many organizations provided "on-
demand" and "instant" news services by SMS.

Sim Card:
GSM feature phones require a small microchip
called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card ,
to function. The SIM card is approximately the
size of a small postage stamp and is usually
placed underneath the battery in the rear of
the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-
subscriber key (IMSI) and the K i used to
identify and authenticate the user of the
mobile phone. The SIM card allows users to
change phones by simply removing the SIM card
from one mobile phone and inserting it into
another mobile phone or broadband telephony
device, provided that this is not prevented by a
SIM lock.
The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich
smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the
Finnish wireless network operator
Radiolinja. [ citation needed ]

List of mobile phone makers:-
Quantity Market Shares by Gartner
(New Sales)
BRAND Percent
Samsung 2012 22.0%
Samsung 2013 24.6%
Nokia 2012 19.1%
Nokia 2013 13.9%
Apple 2012 7.5%
Apple 2013 8.3%
LG Electronics 2012 3.3%
LG Electronics 2013 3.8%
ZTE 2012 3.9%
ZTE 2013 3.3%
Others 2012 34.9%
Others 2013 34.0%
Note: Others-1 consist of Sony Ericsson, Motorola,
ZTE, HTC and Huawei.(2009-2010)
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