History of the Internet::-
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the
1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of
Defense awarded contracts as early as the
1960s for packet network systems, including the
development of the ARPANET (which would
become the first network to use the Internet
Protocol .) The first message was sent over the
ARPANET from computer science Professor
Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of
California, Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second
network node at Stanford Research Institute
( SRI ).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET,
Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES , Merit
Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed
in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a
variety of communications protocols . The
ARPANET in particular led to the development
of protocols for internetworking , in which
multiple separate networks could be joined into
a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981
when the National Science Foundation (NSF)
funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET).
In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
was introduced as the standard networking
protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s
the NSF funded the establishment for national
supercomputing centers at several universities,
and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the
NSFNET project, which also created network
access to the supercomputer sites in the United
States from research and education
organizations. Commercial Internet service
providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late
1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in
1990. Private connections to the Internet by
commercial entities became widespread quickly,
and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995,
removing the last restrictions on the use of the
Internet to carry commercial traffic.
In the 1980s, the work of Tim Berners-Lee in
the United Kingdom , on the World Wide Web,
theorised the fact that protocols link hypertext
documents into a working system, [1] marking
the beginning the modern Internet. Since the
mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary
impact on culture and commerce, including the
rise of near-instant communication by
electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-
way interactive video calls , and the World Wide
Web with its discussion forums , blogs, social
networking , and online shopping sites. The
research and education community continues to
develop and use advanced networks such as
NSF's very high speed Backbone Network
Service (vBNS), Internet2 , and National
LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are
transmitted at higher and higher speeds over
fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-
Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the
global communication landscape was almost
instant in historical terms: it only communicated
1% of the information flowing through two-way
telecommunications networks in the year 1993,
already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of
the telecommunicated information by 2007. [2]
Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by
ever greater amounts of online information,
commerce, entertainment, and social
networking .
Internet history timeline from blog : Netizen Kondaba
Early research and development:
1961 – First packet-switching papers
1966 – Merit Network founded
1966 – ARPANET planning starts
1969 – ARPANET carries its first packets
1970 – Mark I network at NPL (UK)
1970 – Network Information Center (NIC)
1971 – Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
1971 – Tymnet packet-switched network
1972 – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973 – CYCLADES network demonstrated
1974 – Telenet packet-switched network
1976 – X.25 protocol approved
1978 – Minitel introduced
1979 – Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980 – USENET news using UUCP
1980 – Ethernet standard introduced
1981 – BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
1981 – Computer Science Network (CSNET)
1982 – TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1982 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
1983 – Domain Name System (DNS)
1983 – MILNET split off from ARPANET
1985 – First .COM domain name registered
1986 – NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
1986 – Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1987 – UUNET founded
1988 – NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
1988 – OSI Reference Model released
1988 – Morris worm
1989 – Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
1989 – PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
1989 – Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes)
1990 – GOSIP (without TCP/IP )
1990 – ARPANET decommissioned
1990 – Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
1990 – UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
1990 – Archie search engine
1991 – Wide area information server (WAIS)
1991 – Gopher
1991 – Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
1991 – ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
1991 – World Wide Web (WWW)
1992 – NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
1992 – Internet Society (ISOC) established
1993 – Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
1993 – InterNIC established
1993 – Mosaic web browser released
1994 – Full text web search engines
1994 – North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
1995 – New Internet architecture withcommercial ISPs connected at NAPs
1995 – NSFNET decommissioned
1995 – GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
1995 – very high-speed Backbone Network
Service (vBNS)
1995 – IPv6 proposed
1998 – Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1999 – IEEE 802.11b wireless networking
1999 – Internet2 /Abilene Network
1999 – vBNS+ allows broader access
2000 – Dot-com bubble bursts
2001 – New top-level domain names activated
2001 – Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms
2003 – UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I
2003 – National LambdaRail founded
2004 – UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
2005 – UN WSIS phase II
2006 – First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
2010 – First internationalized country code top-level domains registered
2012 – ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
Examples of popular Internet services:
1990 – IMDb Internet movie database
1995 – Amazon.com online retailer
1995 – eBay online auction and shopping
1995 – Craigslist classified advertisements
1996 – Hotmail free web-based e-mail
1997 – Babel Fish automatic translation
1998 – Google Search
1998 – Yahoo! Clubs (now Yahoo! Groups)
1998 – PayPal Internet payment system
1999 – Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 – BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 – Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
2003 – LinkedIn business networking
2003 – Myspace social networking site
2003 – Skype Internet voice calls
2003 – iTunes Store
2003 – 4Chan Anonymous image-based bulletin board
2003 – The Pirate Bay, torrent file host
2004 – Facebook social networking site
2004 – Podcast media file series
2004 – Flickr image hosting
2005 – YouTube video sharing
2005 – Reddit link voting
2005 – Google Earth virtual globe
2006 – Twitter microblogging
2007 – WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
2007 – Google Street View
2007 – Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop
2008 – Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
2008 – Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
2008 – Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
2008 – Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service
2009 – Bing search engine
2009 – Google Docs , Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2009 – Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system
2009 – Bitcoin , a digital currency
2010 – Instagram , photo sharing and social networking
2011 – Google+ , social networking
2011 – Snapchat , photo sharing
Further information: Timeline of popular Internet services Precursors
See also: Victorian Internet
The telegraph system is the first fully digital
communication system. Thus the Internet has
precursors, such as the telegraph system, that
date back to the 19th century, more than a
century before the digital Internet became
widely used in the second half of the 1990s. The
concept of data communication – transmitting
data between two different places, connected
via some kind of electromagnetic medium, such
as radio or an electrical wire – predates the
introduction of the first computers. Such
communication systems were typically limited to
point to point communication between two end
devices. Telegraph systems and telex machines
can be considered early precursors of this kind
of communication.
Fundamental theoretical work in data
transmission and information theory was
developed by Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist,
and Ralph Hartley , during the early 20th
century.
Early computers used the technology available
at the time to allow communication between the
central processing unit and remote terminals. As
the technology evolved, new systems were
devised to allow communication over longer
distances (for terminals) or with higher speed
(for interconnection of local devices) that were
necessary for the mainframe computer model.
Using these technologies made it possible to
exchange data (such as files) between remote
computers. However, the point to point
communication model was limited, as it did not
allow for direct communication between any two
arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary.
The technology was also deemed as inherently
unsafe for strategic and military use, because
there were no alternative paths for the
communication in case of an enemy attack.
Three terminals and an ARPA
Main articles: RAND Corporation and ARPANET
A pioneer in the call for a global network, J. C.
R. Licklider, proposed in his January 1960 paper,
" Man-Computer Symbiosis ": "A network of such
[computers], connected to one another by wide-
band communication lines [which provided] the
functions of present-day libraries together with
anticipated advances in information storage and
retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions." [3]
In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark
published the paper "On-Line Man-Computer
Communication", [4] which was one of the first
descriptions of a networked future.
In October 1962, Licklider was hired by Jack
Ruina as director of the newly established
Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)
within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect
the United States Department of Defense 's
main computers at Cheyenne Mountain, the
Pentagon, and SAC HQ. There he formed an
informal group within DARPA to further
computer research. He began by writing memos
describing a distributed network to the IPTO
staff, whom he called "Members and Affiliates
of the Intergalactic Computer Network". [5] As
part of the information processing office's role,
three network terminals had been installed: one
for System Development Corporation in Santa
Monica , one for Project Genie at the University
of California, Berkeley and one for the
Compatible Time-Sharing System project at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).Licklider's identified need for inter-networking
would be made obvious by the apparent waste of
resources this caused.
The post by Internet_Lover Kondaba Deshmukh in the blog Netizen Kondaba.
Thanks.
For more information about the history of Internet click here
Len Kleinrock and the first InterfaceMessage Processor
The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the
1950s. Initial concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, Great Britain, and France. The US Department of
Defense awarded contracts as early as the
1960s for packet network systems, including the
development of the ARPANET (which would
become the first network to use the Internet
Protocol .) The first message was sent over the
ARPANET from computer science Professor
Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of
California, Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second
network node at Stanford Research Institute
( SRI ).
Packet switching networks such as ARPANET,
Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES , Merit
Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed
in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a
variety of communications protocols . The
ARPANET in particular led to the development
of protocols for internetworking , in which
multiple separate networks could be joined into
a network of networks.
Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981
when the National Science Foundation (NSF)
funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET).
In 1982, the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
was introduced as the standard networking
protocol on the ARPANET. In the early 1980s
the NSF funded the establishment for national
supercomputing centers at several universities,
and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the
NSFNET project, which also created network
access to the supercomputer sites in the United
States from research and education
organizations. Commercial Internet service
providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late
1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in
1990. Private connections to the Internet by
commercial entities became widespread quickly,
and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995,
removing the last restrictions on the use of the
Internet to carry commercial traffic.
In the 1980s, the work of Tim Berners-Lee in
the United Kingdom , on the World Wide Web,
theorised the fact that protocols link hypertext
documents into a working system, [1] marking
the beginning the modern Internet. Since the
mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary
impact on culture and commerce, including the
rise of near-instant communication by
electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-
way interactive video calls , and the World Wide
Web with its discussion forums , blogs, social
networking , and online shopping sites. The
research and education community continues to
develop and use advanced networks such as
NSF's very high speed Backbone Network
Service (vBNS), Internet2 , and National
LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are
transmitted at higher and higher speeds over
fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-
Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the
global communication landscape was almost
instant in historical terms: it only communicated
1% of the information flowing through two-way
telecommunications networks in the year 1993,
already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of
the telecommunicated information by 2007. [2]
Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by
ever greater amounts of online information,
commerce, entertainment, and social
networking .
Internet history timeline from blog : Netizen Kondaba
Early research and development:
1961 – First packet-switching papers
1966 – Merit Network founded
1966 – ARPANET planning starts
1969 – ARPANET carries its first packets
1970 – Mark I network at NPL (UK)
1970 – Network Information Center (NIC)
1971 – Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
1971 – Tymnet packet-switched network
1972 – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973 – CYCLADES network demonstrated
1974 – Telenet packet-switched network
1976 – X.25 protocol approved
1978 – Minitel introduced
1979 – Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980 – USENET news using UUCP
1980 – Ethernet standard introduced
1981 – BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
1981 – Computer Science Network (CSNET)
1982 – TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1982 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
1983 – Domain Name System (DNS)
1983 – MILNET split off from ARPANET
1985 – First .COM domain name registered
1986 – NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
1986 – Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1987 – UUNET founded
1988 – NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
1988 – OSI Reference Model released
1988 – Morris worm
1989 – Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
1989 – PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
1989 – Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes)
1990 – GOSIP (without TCP/IP )
1990 – ARPANET decommissioned
1990 – Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
1990 – UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
1990 – Archie search engine
1991 – Wide area information server (WAIS)
1991 – Gopher
1991 – Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
1991 – ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
1991 – World Wide Web (WWW)
1992 – NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
1992 – Internet Society (ISOC) established
1993 – Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
1993 – InterNIC established
1993 – Mosaic web browser released
1994 – Full text web search engines
1994 – North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
1995 – New Internet architecture withcommercial ISPs connected at NAPs
1995 – NSFNET decommissioned
1995 – GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
1995 – very high-speed Backbone Network
Service (vBNS)
1995 – IPv6 proposed
1998 – Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1999 – IEEE 802.11b wireless networking
1999 – Internet2 /Abilene Network
1999 – vBNS+ allows broader access
2000 – Dot-com bubble bursts
2001 – New top-level domain names activated
2001 – Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms
2003 – UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I
2003 – National LambdaRail founded
2004 – UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
2005 – UN WSIS phase II
2006 – First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
2010 – First internationalized country code top-level domains registered
2012 – ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
Examples of popular Internet services:
1990 – IMDb Internet movie database
1995 – Amazon.com online retailer
1995 – eBay online auction and shopping
1995 – Craigslist classified advertisements
1996 – Hotmail free web-based e-mail
1997 – Babel Fish automatic translation
1998 – Google Search
1998 – Yahoo! Clubs (now Yahoo! Groups)
1998 – PayPal Internet payment system
1999 – Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 – BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 – Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
2003 – LinkedIn business networking
2003 – Myspace social networking site
2003 – Skype Internet voice calls
2003 – iTunes Store
2003 – 4Chan Anonymous image-based bulletin board
2003 – The Pirate Bay, torrent file host
2004 – Facebook social networking site
2004 – Podcast media file series
2004 – Flickr image hosting
2005 – YouTube video sharing
2005 – Reddit link voting
2005 – Google Earth virtual globe
2006 – Twitter microblogging
2007 – WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
2007 – Google Street View
2007 – Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop
2008 – Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
2008 – Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
2008 – Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
2008 – Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service
2009 – Bing search engine
2009 – Google Docs , Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2009 – Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system
2009 – Bitcoin , a digital currency
2010 – Instagram , photo sharing and social networking
2011 – Google+ , social networking
2011 – Snapchat , photo sharing
Further information: Timeline of popular Internet services Precursors
See also: Victorian Internet
The telegraph system is the first fully digital
communication system. Thus the Internet has
precursors, such as the telegraph system, that
date back to the 19th century, more than a
century before the digital Internet became
widely used in the second half of the 1990s. The
concept of data communication – transmitting
data between two different places, connected
via some kind of electromagnetic medium, such
as radio or an electrical wire – predates the
introduction of the first computers. Such
communication systems were typically limited to
point to point communication between two end
devices. Telegraph systems and telex machines
can be considered early precursors of this kind
of communication.
Fundamental theoretical work in data
transmission and information theory was
developed by Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist,
and Ralph Hartley , during the early 20th
century.
Early computers used the technology available
at the time to allow communication between the
central processing unit and remote terminals. As
the technology evolved, new systems were
devised to allow communication over longer
distances (for terminals) or with higher speed
(for interconnection of local devices) that were
necessary for the mainframe computer model.
Using these technologies made it possible to
exchange data (such as files) between remote
computers. However, the point to point
communication model was limited, as it did not
allow for direct communication between any two
arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary.
The technology was also deemed as inherently
unsafe for strategic and military use, because
there were no alternative paths for the
communication in case of an enemy attack.
Three terminals and an ARPA
Main articles: RAND Corporation and ARPANET
A pioneer in the call for a global network, J. C.
R. Licklider, proposed in his January 1960 paper,
" Man-Computer Symbiosis ": "A network of such
[computers], connected to one another by wide-
band communication lines [which provided] the
functions of present-day libraries together with
anticipated advances in information storage and
retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions." [3]
In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark
published the paper "On-Line Man-Computer
Communication", [4] which was one of the first
descriptions of a networked future.
In October 1962, Licklider was hired by Jack
Ruina as director of the newly established
Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)
within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect
the United States Department of Defense 's
main computers at Cheyenne Mountain, the
Pentagon, and SAC HQ. There he formed an
informal group within DARPA to further
computer research. He began by writing memos
describing a distributed network to the IPTO
staff, whom he called "Members and Affiliates
of the Intergalactic Computer Network". [5] As
part of the information processing office's role,
three network terminals had been installed: one
for System Development Corporation in Santa
Monica , one for Project Genie at the University
of California, Berkeley and one for the
Compatible Time-Sharing System project at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).Licklider's identified need for inter-networking
would be made obvious by the apparent waste of
resources this caused.
 | |||
This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at CERN and became
the world's first Web server.
The post by Internet_Lover Kondaba Deshmukh in the blog Netizen Kondaba.
Thanks.
For more information about the history of Internet click here
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